Marc Kugge • Marketing Agency Barcelona

How to Rank in ChatGPT
9 Steps to Get Your Site Cited

ChatGPT has no page two. When it searches the web, it reads a handful of pages and names a few of them in the answer. You are one of those sources, or you are invisible for that question.

This guide explains how ChatGPT chooses its sources and gives you nine steps to become one of them, plus a simple way to check whether it is working.

Short answer

To rank in ChatGPT, let OpenAI’s search crawler (OAI-SearchBot) reach your site, get your pages indexed in Bing, and answer each question in the first two sentences under a clear heading. Then add facts only you have and get your brand mentioned on the sites ChatGPT already trusts. Test real prompts every month to see where you are cited.

ChatGPT reads several pages, drops the weak ones and cites a few. The goal of this guide is to make yours one of them.

How ChatGPT picks the sources it cites

ChatGPT answers from two places. The first is what the model learned during training. That knowledge is months old, comes without links, and you can only influence it slowly by being talked about across the web for a long time. The second is a live web search, which the model runs when a question needs current, specific or verifiable information. Every answer with clickable source links comes from this second route, so this is the one you can work on page by page.

A live search goes through four stages:

  1. It decides whether to search. “Explain photosynthesis” is answered from memory. “Best hotel near Sagrada Família with a pool” triggers a search, because prices, openings and reviews change.
  2. It rewrites the question. The model turns one prompt into several shorter search queries. A question about choosing a Google Ads agency might become searches about agency fees, contract terms and reviews.
  3. It retrieves candidate pages. Those queries run against a search index. OpenAI crawls the web with its own bot, OAI-SearchBot, and the results lean heavily on Bing. A Seer Interactive study found that 87% of more than 500 ChatGPT citations matched Bing’s top results.
  4. It reads and cites a few. The model reads the retrieved passages, writes the answer and attaches links to the pages it drew from. Most retrieved pages never make it into the answer. AirOps measured that only about 15% of the pages ChatGPT retrieved appeared in the final response.

Each stage is a filter you can fail. If the crawler is blocked, you never reach stage three. If Bing doesn’t rank you, you rarely get retrieved. If your page buries the answer under three paragraphs of introduction, the model takes the fact from a competitor whose page states it plainly. Most of the work below targets stages three and four.

Google’s AI Overviews work differently, because they sit on top of Google’s own index. I cover those, and the wider discipline, in my guide to what GEO is. This page is only about ChatGPT.

The 9 steps to get cited by ChatGPT

The order matters. Steps 1 and 2 are technical gates that take an afternoon. Steps 3 to 6 are about your pages. Steps 7 to 9 build the reputation that decides close calls between you and a competitor.

Step 1

Let OAI-SearchBot crawl your site

OpenAI runs three separate bots, and many sites block the wrong one. GPTBot collects content for training models. OAI-SearchBot builds the index that ChatGPT search pulls citations from. ChatGPT-User fetches a page when a user asks ChatGPT to open a specific link. Blocking GPTBot keeps you out of training data but leaves you in search. Blocking OAI-SearchBot removes you from ChatGPT search results.

If you want search visibility without giving your content to model training, this is the setup in robots.txt:

User-agent: OAI-SearchBot
Allow: /

User-agent: ChatGPT-User
Allow: /

User-agent: GPTBot
Disallow: /

OpenAI says robots.txt changes take about 24 hours to affect search. Also check your firewall and CDN. Security plugins and bot-protection settings sometimes block AI crawlers even when robots.txt allows them, and you only see it in the server logs.

Do this: open yoursite.com/robots.txt, search for “OAI-SearchBot” and “Disallow: /”, and check your logs for OAI-SearchBot visits.

Step 2

Get indexed and ranking in Bing

Most site owners check Google Search Console every week and have never opened Bing Webmaster Tools. For ChatGPT, that is backwards. A page Bing hasn’t indexed rarely shows up as a ChatGPT citation, however well it ranks in Google.

Verify your site in Bing Webmaster Tools (you can import it from Search Console in two clicks), submit your XML sitemap, and switch on IndexNow so new and updated URLs are pushed to Bing straight away. Then look at the indexing report. Bing is pickier than Google about thin pages and duplicates, so clean canonical tags matter here too.

Do this: search site:yourdomain.com on Bing and compare the count with your sitemap. A big gap is your first job.

Step 3

Research prompts, not only keywords

People type three words into Google and twenty into ChatGPT. “Google Ads agency Barcelona” becomes “I run an online shop in Spain selling to Germany, should I hire an agency or a freelancer for Google Ads, and what should it cost?” That prompt has a budget, a market, a decision and a comparison in it.

Start from your normal keyword research, then rewrite each target keyword as the full question a real customer would ask. Your sales calls, contact form messages and support emails are the best source, because customers already phrase questions that way. Group the prompts by stage. Comparison and “which one should I choose” prompts sit close to a purchase, the same way bottom-of-funnel content does in classic SEO.

Do this: write 20 prompts your customers would ask before buying. These become your test set in the tracking section.

Step 4

Put the answer in the first two sentences

The model reads passages, not whole pages. When a heading asks “How much does a Google Ads campaign cost in Spain?”, the two sentences under it should give the answer with a number, a range or a clear rule. The context, exceptions and stories can follow.

Write each section so it still makes sense if someone copies it out of the page alone. Name the subject again instead of writing “it” or “this tool”. Use headings that match how people ask, often as questions. Use tables for anything with more than two options or more than two attributes, because a table row is easy for a model to read correctly.

This is also good copywriting for humans on a phone. Nobody wants to scroll through three paragraphs of introduction to find the price.

Do this: take your five most important pages and check the first two sentences under every H2. If they don’t answer the heading, rewrite them.

Step 5

Cover the searches ChatGPT runs behind the scenes

Because the model splits one prompt into several searches, a page that answers only the headline question loses to a page that also covers the follow-ups. If someone asks about the best SEO approach for a multilingual site, ChatGPT may also search for hreflang setup, separate domains versus subfolders, and translation costs.

You can cover this in two ways. Add short sections for the obvious follow-up questions on the main page. And build a cluster of linked pages around the topic, so whichever sub-query runs, one of your pages fits it. This is the same silo structure that builds topical authority in Google.

Do this: for each main page, list the five questions a customer asks next, and make sure each one has an answer on your site.

Step 6

Add numbers and experience only you have

If ten pages say the same thing, ChatGPT can cite any of them. If your page has a figure nobody else published, the model has to cite you to use it. Original data is the strongest citation magnet I know of.

You don’t need a research department. Your own campaigns, projects and client results are data. On one of my Venice ticket sites, for example, I ran exact-match Google Ads campaigns on top of the organic traffic and reached a 2x return on ad spend. That one number makes a page about affiliate advertising more citable than a page of general advice. My travel blog case study works the same way: it describes what I built and what happened, which no competitor can copy.

Write numbers precisely, say where they come from, and keep them up to date. When a model has to choose between a page that says “costs vary” and a page that gives a real range and explains where it comes from, it picks the second.

Do this: list five numbers from your own work you could publish, and add them to the pages where they answer a question.

Step 7

Get mentioned where ChatGPT already looks

ChatGPT doesn’t only cite your site. For “best” and “which one” prompts, it often cites a review site, a Reddit thread or a listicle, then names the brands those pages mention. So part of ranking in ChatGPT happens on other people’s pages.

Run your 20 test prompts and write down every domain ChatGPT cites. Those are your target list. Pitch the authors of the roundups, answer questions honestly in the forums where your customers talk, and keep your profiles on directories and review platforms complete. Large analyses show Wikipedia is ChatGPT’s single most cited domain, which tells you the model favours sources that read as neutral and factual.

Classic backlinks still help, because they lift your Bing rankings and your domain authority. But an unlinked mention of your brand next to the right topic also counts here.

Do this: pick the three domains ChatGPT cites most for your prompts, and find one honest way to appear on each.

Step 8

Make it obvious who you are

Models connect facts to entities: a person, a company, a product. If your name appears in different forms across the web, with different descriptions on LinkedIn, your site and directories, the model has a harder time connecting the mentions to one business.

Use the same name and the same one-line description everywhere. Give every article a real author with a bio and a link to an About page that states what you do, where, and since when. Add Organization or Person schema with sameAs links to your main profiles. For a solo consultant, a consistent personal name is an advantage here, because one person with a clear specialty is easy for a model to describe.

Do this: ask ChatGPT “Who is [your name or brand]?” If the answer is wrong or vague, fix the sources it quotes.

Step 9

Keep key pages current

For questions about prices, tools and rules, ChatGPT prefers recent sources, and several studies of its citations found that recently updated pages are cited more often. That doesn’t mean changing a date in the template. It means checking that prices, screenshots, steps and numbers are still right, then updating the page and the dateModified in your schema.

Plan a short review of your top pages every quarter. For pages that should last for years, write in an evergreen way and keep the parts that change in one easy-to-update section, such as a pricing table.

Do this: put your ten most important pages in a calendar with a review date every three months.

One question, many searches: a worked example

Here is what fan-out looks like in a niche I know well: tourist tickets in Venice. Imagine a traveller asks ChatGPT this:

“Is a vaporetto pass worth it for 3 days in Venice, and which line goes to Rialto?”
vaporetto pass 3 days price
single vaporetto ticket price
vaporetto lines Rialto stop
is the Venice transport pass worth it

These are typical of the shorter searches such a prompt gets split into. A page that only sells the pass covers one of them. A page that compares single tickets with passes, does the maths for three days, and states which lines stop at Rialto covers all four. On the Rialto point the precise answer is that Line 1 and Line 2 stop there, plus the night line N. A model can lift that sentence directly. A vague “several lines serve Rialto” gives it nothing to cite.

Run the same exercise for your own main prompt. Write down the four or five searches it would probably trigger, then check whether your page answers each one in a single clear sentence.

What changes compared with ranking in Google

Most of your SEO work carries over. The table shows where the tools and the success measures shift when the target is ChatGPT.

AreaGoogleChatGPT
CrawlerGooglebotOAI-SearchBot (search), GPTBot (training)
Index to checkGoogle Search ConsoleBing Webmaster Tools
Research unitKeyword of 2 to 4 wordsFull prompt with context and constraints
What winsThe whole page, ranked in a listA passage that answers one sub-question
SuccessPosition and clicksBeing cited or named in the answer
Off-site signalLinksLinks plus brand mentions on cited sites
MeasurementRank trackers, Search ConsolePrompt tests, referral traffic, AI visibility tools

One more difference matters for your budget. A citation in ChatGPT often sends fewer clicks than a top Google ranking, because the user already has an answer. The visitors who do click have usually read a recommendation first, so they arrive further along in their decision. Judge the channel by enquiries and sales, not by sessions alone.

How to track your ChatGPT visibility

There is no Search Console for ChatGPT. You build your own picture from three sources.

1. A monthly prompt test

Take the 20 prompts from step 3 and run them in ChatGPT with search switched on, in a logged-out or temporary chat so your history doesn’t colour the answers. Record the results in a simple sheet:

PromptCited?Brand named?Domains cited
Freelancer or agency for Google Ads in Spain?NoNoreddit.com, two agency blogs
How do I set up hreflang for 4 languages?Yes, source 2Yesgoogle.com, yoursite.com

Answers vary between runs, so test each prompt two or three times and count how often you appear. A change from 2 out of 20 prompts to 8 out of 20 over a quarter is a real trend, even if single answers jump around.

2. Referral traffic in GA4

Visits from ChatGPT links show up with chatgpt.com as the referrer, and ChatGPT usually adds utm_source=chatgpt.com to the links it shows. Create a GA4 segment or channel group for it and look at which landing pages receive these visits. They tell you which pages ChatGPT already trusts, so improve those pages first.

3. Server logs and visibility tools

Your logs show how often OAI-SearchBot visits and which URLs it fetches. A page the bot never requests can’t be cited. Paid AI visibility trackers automate the prompt test across many prompts and several AI platforms. They are worth it once your manual sheet gets too big to run by hand.

What doesn’t work

Blocking GPTBot and thinking you’re done. GPTBot controls training, not search. The opposite mistake happens too: a site blocks every AI bot with one rule and then wonders why it never appears in ChatGPT.

Keyword stuffing for prompts. Repeating “how to rank in ChatGPT” twenty times doesn’t help. The model reads for meaning, and a page that says the same thing in five ways gives it less to cite.

Counting on llms.txt. The llms.txt file is a proposal for giving AI tools a map of your site. OpenAI’s crawler documentation doesn’t mention it, so treat it as a low-cost extra, not a ranking factor. Robots.txt, Bing indexing and clear content matter far more.

Fake reviews and planted forum posts. They can work for a few weeks, but moderators remove them, and one exposed thread hurts your brand in exactly the places ChatGPT reads.

Thinking ads buy citations. OpenAI now sells ads in ChatGPT, and they can be a good channel. OpenAI says ads are kept separate from the answers, so paying for an ad doesn’t make the model cite you. If you want to test the paid side, I explain how in my guide to ChatGPT ads.

Publishing 200 AI-written pages. Mass content with nothing new in it is exactly what the model can find on a hundred other sites. Ten pages with your own numbers will do more.

FAQ: ranking in ChatGPT

How long does it take to get cited by ChatGPT?

The technical fixes work fast. After you unblock OAI-SearchBot, OpenAI says it takes about 24 hours for search to pick up the change, and Bing indexes new URLs within days when you use IndexNow. Content and reputation work takes longer, usually several months, much like SEO.

Does ChatGPT use Google or Bing?

ChatGPT search uses OpenAI’s own crawler and leans heavily on Bing’s index. One study found 87% of ChatGPT citations matched Bing’s top results. Strong Google rankings help indirectly, because pages that rank well in Google often rank well in Bing too, but you should check Bing directly.

Can I pay to rank in ChatGPT?

Not in the organic answers. You can buy ads in ChatGPT, but OpenAI says ads are kept separate from what the model writes. Citations come from crawlability, Bing rankings, clear content and your reputation on other sites.

Is ranking in ChatGPT different from ranking in Google AI Overviews?

Partly. Both reward clear answers and original facts. AI Overviews draw on Google’s own index, while ChatGPT leans on Bing and OpenAI’s crawler. A page can appear in one and not the other, so test both.

Should I block GPTBot?

That is a business decision about whether your content may be used for training. Blocking GPTBot doesn’t remove you from ChatGPT search, as long as OAI-SearchBot stays allowed.

Why does ChatGPT mention my competitor and not me?

Usually for one of three reasons. Your page isn’t in Bing’s index, your page doesn’t answer the question in a clear passage, or your competitor is mentioned on the review sites and forums ChatGPT cites for that prompt. Check them in that order.

Do small websites have a chance?

Yes. ChatGPT cites specific passages, so a small site with one precise answer and its own data can be cited next to large publishers. Niche sites often do better on narrow questions than general sites do.

Want to know where you stand in ChatGPT?

I check your crawler access and Bing indexing, run your most important prompts, and show you which pages to fix first. You work with me directly, from the first audit to the last change.

Ask for a GEO audit

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